Contents
Preface ix
Abbreviations xi
Introduction 1
Part One What is Apocalyptic? 7
1. Knowledge of the Divine Mysteries through Revela tion 9
Daniel and Revelation 11
Apocalyptic Material in Judaism and Christianity 14
2. Apocalyptic and Eschatology 23 Apocalyptic and Rabbinic Eschatologies 29 Transcendent Eschatology 37 The Qumran War Scroll and the Synoptic Apocalypse 38
3. Apocalypse and Apocalyptic 49
The Apocalypse 49
Types of Visions 52
Apocalyptic Imagery 58
Pseudepigraphy 61
Summary 70
Part Two The Content of the Heavenly Mysteries 73
4. What is Above: the Mysteries of God, the Angels, and Astronomy 78
The Heavenly World 78
The Development of an Exalted Angel in Apocalyptic Literature 94 Man and the World Above: the Community and the Glory of
Heaven in the Qumran Scrolls 113
Astronomy 120
5. What is Below: Man and his World 124
Enoch's Journeys through the Universe 124
The Lot of Man 126
6. What Had Happened Previously: the Interest in Past
History in Apocalyptic 136
The History of Israel 136
The Creation of the World 146
7. What is to Come 156 The Last Stages of the Present Age 156 The Climax of History 160 Messianic Belief 176 The Son of Man 178
Part Three Towards an Understanding of the Origins of Apocalyptic and the Dates of the Apocalypses 191
8. A Survey of Recent Study on the Origins of
Apocalyptic 193
9. An Attempt to Elucidate the Origins of Apocalyptic
Visions 214
Excursus: Visionary Experience and Pseudonymity 240
10. Dating the Apocalypses 248
Part Four The Esoteric Tradition in Early Rabbinic
Judaism 269
11. The Meditation of Rabban Johanan Ben Zakkai and his Circle on the Chariot-Chapter 282
12. The Problems posed by the Esoteric Tradition in the
Time of Rabbi Akiba 306
The Later Mystical Tradition 340
Part Five Apocalyptic in Early Christianity 349
13. Reports of Visions in Early Christian Literature to
AD 200 358
The Gospels 358
The Acts of the Apostles 368
The Pauline Letters 374
Extra-Canonical Writings 386
The Evidence of Montanist Visions and the Passio Perpetuae 392
14. Revelation 403 Date and Setting 403 The Composition of the Book of Revelation 413 The Message of Revelation 423
Conclusion 443
Notes 449
Bibliography 521
Index of Ancient Sources 546
Index of Subjects 555
Index of Authors 558
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